[Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022].

Objective: The National Central Cancer Registry estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths in China in 2022, using incidence and mortality data collected by the National Cancer Center. Methods: According to the data of 700 cancer registries in 2018 and the data of 106 cancer registries from 2010 to 2018, the age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the incidence rate and mortality rate of all cancers and 23 types of cancer in 2022, stratified by gender and urban and rural areas. We estimated the number of new cancer cases and deaths in China in 2022 based on the estimated rate and population data in 2022. Results: The estimated results showed that in 2022, there were approximately 4 824 700 new cancer cases in China (2 533 900 in males and 2 290 800 in females), with an age-standardized incidence rate of Chinese population (ASIR) of 208.58 per 100 000 (212.67 per 100 000 for males and 208.08 per 100 000 for females). Approximately 2 903 900 new cancer cases occurred in urban areas, with an ASIR of 212.95 per 100 000. It was estimated about 1 920 800 new cancer cases in rural areas, and the ASIR was 199.65 per 100 000. The top five cancers (lung cancer 1 060 600, colorectal cancer 517 100, thyroid cancer 466 100, liver cancer 367 700 and female breast cancer 357 200) accounted for 57.4% of all new cases. The estimated number of deaths from cancer in China in 2022 was 2 574 200 (1 629 300 in males and 944 900 in females), with an age-standardized mortality rate of Chinese population (ASMR) of 97.08 per 100 000 (127.70 per 100 000 in males and 68.67 per 100 000 in females). The number of deaths from cancer in urban and rural areas was about 1 400 600 and 1 173 400, with the ASMR of 92.37 and 103.97 per 100 000 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The top five leading cause of cancers death (lung cancer 733 300, liver cancer 316 500, gastric cancer 260 400, colorectal cancer 240 000 and esophageal cancer 187 500) accounted for 67.5% of all cancer deaths. Lung cancer ranked first in the incidence and mortality in men and women. The incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas, while the mortality rate was lower than that in rural areas. Conclusions: The burden of cancer in China is still relatively heavy, with significant differences in cancer patterns in gender, urban-rural, and regional. The burden of cancer presents a coexistence of developed and developing countries, and the situation of cancer prevention and control is still serious in China.

[Application of novel non-endoscopic device in the screening and early diagnosis of esophageal cancer].

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a dreadful disease with a poor prognosis and poses heavy health burden worldwide. Developing effective methods to identify high-risk individuals is urgently needed for preliminary screening before endoscopy. The novel non-endoscopic device has the potential advantages of low cost, simple operation, and minimal invasiveness. Approximately 90% of participants can swallow the device successfully with high safety profiles, and sufficient esophageal exfoliated cells can be collected for cytological examination and biomarker detection. Cytological examination based on the device combined with trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) protein or DNA methylation examinations could effectively screen Barrett's esophagus-associated dysplasia and early esophageal adenocarcinoma, but large prospective studies are needed to further validate the diagnostic value of this device to improve the quality of evidence. Although the device-based cytological examination in combination with biomarker detection holds promise in the early screening of esophageal squamous dysplasia and early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, related research is still in its infancy, and there is still a lack of sufficient evidence for population screening in China. Active research into the application of this novel non-endoscopic device in EC screening and early diagnosis is of great significance for optimizing EC screening strategies and improving the early diagnosis of EC.

[Cancer statistics in China, 2016].

Objective: Data for 2016 from cancer registries were used to estimate cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2016. Methods: According to the quality control process of the National Central Cancer Registry, the data from 683 cancer registries submitted by each province were evaluated, and the data of 487 cancer registries were qualified and included in the final analysis. Age-specific incidence and mortality rates were calculated by area (urban/rural), sex, age and cancer site, combined with national population data to estimate cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2016. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized incidence and mortality rates. Results: Total population covered by 487 cancer registries was 381 565 422 (192 628 370 in urban and 188 937 052 in rural areas). The percentages of morphologically verified (MV%) and death certificate-only cases (DCO%) accounted for 68.31% and 1.40%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence ratio was 0.61. It was estimated about 4 064 000 new cases occurred in China in 2016, with the crude incidence rate being 293.91/100 000 (the rates of males and females were 315.52/100 000 and 271.23/100 000), age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 190.76/100 000 and 186.46/100 000, with the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 years old) being 21.42%. The crude incidence and ASIRC were 314.74/100 000 and 196.38/100 000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 265.90/100 000 and 182.21/100 000, respectively. It was estimated about 2 413 500 cancer deaths occurred in China in 2016, the crude mortality rate was 174.55/100 000 (216.16/100 000 in males and 130.88/100 000 in females), the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 106.00/100 000 and 105.19/100 000, and the cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) was 11.85%. The crude mortality and ASMRC were 180.31/100 000 and 104.44/100 000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 166.81/100 000 and 108.01/100 000, respectively. The most common cancer cases include lung, colorectal, stomach, liver and female breast cancers. The top five cancers accounted for about 57.27% of all cancer cases. The most common cancer deaths included lung, liver, stomach, colorectal and esophageal cancers. The top five cancers accounted for about 69.25% of all cancer deaths. Conclusions: The burden of cancer shows a continuous increasing trend in China. Regional and gender differences in cancer burden are obvious. The cancer patterns still show the coexistence of cancer patterns in developed countries and developing countries. The situation of cancer prevention and control is still serious in China.

[Correlation analysis of age and microbial characteristics in saliva and feces of high-risk population of upper gastrointestinal cancer].

Objective: To explore the correlation between age and diversity and microbial composition in saliva and feces microbiota in high-risk population of upper gastrointestinal cancer. Methods: Based on the national project on early diagnosis and early treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancer, 38 participants were enrolled in Linzhou in Henan province in August 2019. The participant information was collected by questionnaire. Saliva and feces specimens were collected from each participant for 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the correlation between age and α diversity (Observed ASVs and Shannon index) and relative abundance of microbiota (phyla, genera, and species) in saliva and feces. Results: The median age (age range) of 38 participants was 54 (43-60) years old, and there were 16 males (42.1%). The Observed ASVs of saliva was negatively correlated with age (rs=-0.35, P<0.05), but the observed ASVs of feces was not correlated with age. In saliva, the relative abundance of Treponema (rs=‒0.44, P<0.05), Alloprevotella (rs=‒0.42, P<0.05), and Porphyromonas (rs=‒0.41,P<0.05) were significantly negatively correlated with age. At the species level, the relative abundance of Porphyromonas endodontalis, Alloprevotella tannerae, Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella bovoculi, Prevotella sp.oral clone ID019, and Prevotella sp.oral clone ASCG10 in saliva were significantly negatively correlated with age, and the rs values were -0.50, -0.40, -0.38, -0.35, -0.33 and -0.33 (P<0.05), respectively. In feces, the relative abundance of Enterobacteria (rs=-0.35, P<0.05), Escherichia (rs=-0.33, P<0.05), and Bifidobacteria (rs=0.33, P<0.05) were correlated with age. At the species level, the relative abundance of Romboutsia sedimentorum, Citrobacter murliniae, and bacteroides uniformis in feces were correlated with age, and the rs values were -0.42, -0.37 and 0.36 (P<0.05), respectively. Conclusion: Age of the high-risk population of upper gastrointestinal cancer is correlated with the relative abundance of microbiota in saliva and feces.

[Application of liquid biopsy in early screening and recurrence prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma].

The incidence and mortality of HCC in China account for approximately 50% of all cases worldwide. Low early diagnosis rate and high postoperative recurrence rate are two major causes for poor 5-year survival rate of HCC patients in China. At present, multiple problems such as low performance and compliance of screening technology and lack of effective markers for predicting postoperative recurrence, remain to be resolved. Due to the simplicity and accuracy, new molecular markers, such as liquid biopsy, are expected to serve as supplementary tools to traditional screening and early warning approaches, thereby realizing early detection and accurate treatment of HCC. In this article, research progress upon the clinical application of liquid biopsy in early screening and prediction of postoperative recurrence of HCC was reviewed, and prospects the future research.

[The incidence and mortality of endometrial cancer in China, 2015].

Objective: To estimate endometrial cancer (EC) incidence and mortality in China in 2015. Methods: Qualified cancer registry data collected in 2011-2015 were pooled for analysis, from which EC cases and deaths were extracted. EC cases were classified into endometrioid, nonendometrioid and other & unspecified according to their histologic types. Incidence and mortality rates stratified by region and age group were calculated. Population data of 2015 was used to estimate cancer cases and deaths in China. Segi's population was used for the calculation of age-standardized rates by world standard population (ASW). Results: Data from 158, 176, 239, 235, 231 qualified cancer registries of 2011 to 2015 were pooled together. These registries covered about 488 million population, including about 255 million population in urban area and 233 million population in rural area. In 2015, a total of 53 600 EC cases were estimated, with a crude incidence rate of 7.74/100 000 and an ASW of 5.13/100 000. Incidence rates were higher in urban areas (9.15/100 000) than in rural areas (6.20/100 000). A total of 10 700 deaths were estimated, with a crude mortality rate of 1.60/100 000 and an ASW of 0.98/100 000. Mortality rate was higher in urban areas (1.78/100 000) than in rural areas (1.40/100 000). Among reported EC cases during 2011-2015, 70.92% (23 641 cases) were endometrioid, 5.13% (1 709 cases) were nonendometrioid and 23.95% (7 982 cases) were other & unspecified. The mean age at onset of all EC cases was 55.9±10.6. The mean age at onset of endometrioid cases (55.7±10.0) was younger than that of nonendometrioid cases (57.7±10.8) (P<0.001). The mean age at onset of all histologic types in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas (P<0.001). The mean age at death for EC deaths was 63.9±12.5. The mean age at death in urban areas (65.3±12.5) was higher than that in rural areas (61.4±12.2) (P<0.001). Conclusion: EC disease burden differs between urban and rural areas. Targeted cancer prevention and control strategies should be made for each region.

[Progress in risk factors and potential biomarkers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma].

Esophageal cancer is the main malignant cancer in China. In 2015, the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer were 17.87 per 100 000 and 13.68 per 100 000, respectively, ranking 6th and 4th in the incidence and death. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main pathological type of esophageal cancer, accounting for 86.3% of new cases. ESCC's pathogenesis is still not clear and its related risk factors remain to be explored. There are no detection biomarkers that can be widely applied in the whole country nowadays. In order to provide a scientific basis for exploring the pathogenesis of ESCC and improve screening technology, this paper summarizes the research status of various risk factors and potential biomarkers of ESCC.

[Study on the operation process and construction standard of an esophageal cancer screening cohort study].

One of the most cost-effective measures in cancer prevention on cancer is to advocate to be aware of the disease, consciously changing negative behaviors, and taking the initiative to participate in regular physical checkup programs. Esophageal cancer is one of the malignant tumors accompanied by a heavy disease burden in China. Routine screening, early diagnosis, and treatment are the critical points of preventing and treating the disease. Cohort studies help understand the natural history and risk factors of esophageal cancer and identify high-risk groups of the disease. This paper intends to discuss the construction specifications of the multi-dimensional dynamic follow-up shared cohort for esophageal cancer by studying the risk factors, monitoring, and collecting biological sample information, providing references for developing a standardized and unified screening cohort research procedure, and necessary standards on esophageal cancer in the future.

[Progress on disability weights in the disease burden of cancer].

Cancer, one of the major public health problems in the world, threatens human health seriously, and the burden of disease is heavy. Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) have been increasingly used to estimate the burden of disease worldwide. Disability weights is a key ingredient for estimating DALYs, and its value directly affects the calculation of disease burden. In this review, we summarize the research methods, key issues, and progress on disability weights for cancer both domestic and abroad, in order to provide valuable information for the estimation of cancer disability weights in China.

[Bladder cancer incidence, mortality and temporal trends in China].

Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of bladder cancer in 2015 and temporal trends in China. Methods: From 501 cancer registries in China, we collected data of cancer new cases, deaths and populations in 2015. After qualified, sex-specific, area-specific, age-specific and overall incidence/mortality rates (including age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population and by world standard population) and estimated cases of bladder cancer were calculated. Annual Percent Change (APC)/Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) fitted from Log-line model was applied to evaluate the temporal trends of bladder cancer incidence/mortality rates from 1998 to 2015. Results: Bladder cancer is the 13(th) most common cancer in China. The crude, age-standardized by China standard population and by world standard population rates were 5.80/10(5), 3.60/10(5) and 3.57/10(5) for incidence, and 2.37/10(5), 1.31/10(5) and 1.32/10(5) for mortality, respectively. The incidence of bladder cancer ranked 7(th) in male. The incidence and mortality of male were 3.8 and 4.0 times as high as those of female. Bladder cancer incidence in urban area was 1.4 times as high as that in rural area. Incidence in western areas and middle areas of China were similar, which were lower than that in eastern areas. Geographical distribution characteristics of mortality was along with incidence.Both incidence and mortality remained low before 45 and 55 years old, then they increased rapidly and peaked at 80-84 and over 85 years old age group. Temporal trend analysis suggested that bladder cancer incidence in China increased in 1998-2007 (APC=2.58, P<0.001), while decreased from 2007 to 2015 (APC=-3.82, P<0.001). Bladder cancer mortality declined gradually, with APCs for 1998-2003 and 2003-2015 of 3.65% (P=0.002) and 1.42% (P<0.001). Conclusions: Bladder cancer is one of the main cancers in China. Its epidemiological distributions varies among different sex, area and age group. Both incidence and mortality of bladder cancer decline. More efforts on tobacco control should be made, and awareness of early diagnosis and early treatment could be enhanced for the middle-aged and elderly.

[Incidence and mortality of corpus uteri cancer in China, 2015].

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality of corpus uteri cancer in China, 2015. Methods: Quality audit and evaluation of the data from 2015 cancer registration reported by 501 cancer registries were conducted, and 368 cancer registries were included in the analysis. The incidence rate and mortality rate of corpus uteri cancer were calculated according to the factors of the region (urban, rural, east, central, western), sex and age groups. The incidence and mortality of corpus uteri cancer with the 2015 population were estimated. Chinese standard population in 2000 and world Segi's population were used for the calculation of age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence and mortality. Results: In 2015, 368 cancer registries included in the analysis covered a total of 309 553 499 populations in China, accounting for 22.52% of the national population. It is estimated that there were about 68 900 new cases of corpus uteri cancer in 2015, the incidence rate was 10.28/10(5), age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) were 6.86/10(5) and 6.66/10(5), respectively. The incidence rate of urban area (11.35/10(5)) was higher than that of rural area (8.90/10(5)), and the incidence of eastern region (12.12/10(5)) was higher than the central region (9.94/10(5)) and the western region (8.25/10(5)). It is estimated that in 2015, there were about 16 000 deaths of corpus uteri cancer, the mortality rate was 2.39/10(5), ASR China was 1.49/10(5), ASR world was 1.47/10(5). The mortality in urban areas (2.40/10(5)) is close to rural areas (2.39/10(5)); the mortality in central areas (2.55/10(5)) was higher than the eastern areas (2.32/10(5)) and the western areas (2.31/10(5)). Conclusions: In China, the incidence of corpus uteri cancer is on the rise and has a trend of youth, the burden of disease is gradually increasing, which threatens the health of women. Targeted prevention and control measures should be carried out in the different regions.

LINC00261 regulates EBF1 to suppress malignant progression of thyroid cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the role of LINC00261 in thyroid cancer (TC) and the potential regulatory mechanism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 40 cases of tumor tissues and adjacent tissues of TC patients were collected, and the expressions of LINC00261 and EBF1 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the relationship between LINC00261 and the clinical pathological indicators and prognosis of TC patients were analyzed. Next, LINC00261 overexpression and knockdown cell models were constructed in TC cell lines BPH5-16 and K1, respectively. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and transwell migration were used to detect the impact of LINC00261 overexpression or silencing on cell proliferative and migration ability. The bioinformatics website was used to screen the possible target gene of LINC00261. RESULTS: qRT-PCR analysis showed that LINC00261 level was markedly reduced in TC tumor tissues, as well as corresponding cell lines. Retrospective analysis showed that low expression of LINC00261 was in positive correlation with the pathological stage, lymphatic and distant metastasis in patients with TC, meanwhile, the expression of LINC00261 was also in positive correlation with overall survival rate of TC patients. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that LINC00261 could target EBF1. Luciferase reporter gene experiment and qRT-PCR analysis suggested that LINC00261 could target EBF1 and that their expressions showed a negative correlation in TC tumor tissues and cells. Cell functional experiments confirmed that LINC00261 can inhibit the proliferative and migration ability of TC cells. Subsequently, the recovery experiment also suggested that silencing EBF1 could reverse the promotion effect of LINC00261 knockdown on the proliferative and migration ability of TC cells; while EBF1 overexpression could reverse the inhibition of LINC00261 on the proliferative and migration ability of TC cells. CONCLUSIONS: LINC00261 was markedly downregulated in TC tissues and cells. In addition, the level of LINC00261 was closely related to lymph node and distant metastasis, as well as the prognosis in TC patients. Moreover, LINC00261 could negatively regulate EBF1, thereby promoting the malignant progression of TC.

[Cancer incidence and mortality of kidney and unspecified urinary organs in China, 2015].

Objective: To estimate cancer incidence and mortality of kidney and unspecified urinary organs in China using cancer registry data in 2015. Methods: The cancer registry data from 501 local cancer registries in China were collected, checked and assessed based on the criteria of data quality control of the National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCRC), and data from 368 registries were qualified for the analysis. Cancer incidence and mortality rates of kidney and unspecified urinary organs stratified by geographical location (eastern, middle, western areas), gender, age groups were calculated. Population data of 2015 was used to estimate the cancer cases and deaths of kidney and unspecified urinary organs in China. Chinese standard population in 2000 and Segi's world population were used for the calculation of age-standardized incidence and mortality rates. Results: A total of 74.2 thousand new cancer cases of kidney and unspecified urinary organs were diagnosed in 2015, 46.9 thousand of them were male, while 27.3 thousand were female, with a crude incidence rate of 5.40/10(5). The age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese (ASIRC) and world standard population (ASIRW) were 3.57/10(5) and 3.56/10(5), respectively. A total of 53.4 thousand and 20.8 thousand new cases were diagnosed in urban and rural area, with incidence rates of 6.93/10(5) and 3.45/10(5), respectively. The ASIRC of urban area was higher than that of rural area. There were 39.2 thousand, 20.6 thousand, and 14.4 thousand new cases diagnosed in eastern, middle, and western areas of China, respectively. The crude incidence rates were 7.60/10(5), 4.47/10(5), and 3.63/10(5), respectively, with a descend ASIRC of each area. A total of 27.1 thousand death cases reported, of them 16.9 thousand were male, while 10.2 thousand were female, with a crude mortality rate of 1.97/10(5), both of the ASIRC and ASMRW were 1.21/10(5). The deaths of urban and rural area were 19.5 thousand and 7.6 thousand cases, with the crude mortality rates of 2.53/10(5) and 1.26/10(5), respectively. The ASIRC of urban area was higher than that of rural area. There were 13.4 thousand, 8.4 thousand, and 5.1 thousand death cases reported in eastern, middle, and western areas, respectively, the crude mortality rates were 2.61/10(5), 1.83/10(5) and 1.30/10(5), respectively, with a descend ASIRC of each area. Conclusion: The disease burden of kidney cancer differs between urban area and rural area, and differs among eastern, middle, and western areas of China, therefore, different prevent and treatment strategies should be taken in different areas of China.

[Progress in research of Fusobacterium nucleatum and upper gastrointestinal cancer].

With the development of multi-omics and high throughput sequencing technology, studies have shown that the disorder of microbiota is related to various cancers. Nevertheless, the research on the relationship between upper digestive tract cancer or precancerous lesions and gastrointestinal microecology is still less. Fusobacterium nucleatum, one of the oral symbiotic bacteria, is also an opportunistic pathogen, which can promote the formation of tumor microenvironment and can be used as a new biomarker for the early detection and early diagnosis of cancer. In this study, by searching CNKI, Wanfang data, PubMed and Embase databases, it was found that the abundance of F. nucleatum in cancer tissues is higher than that in paracancerous tissues and associated with poor prognosis. The research of relationship between F. nucleatum and precancerous lesions needs to be carried out urgently. In addition, the types of specimens, sequencing technology, strain subtypes, carcinogenic mechanism and other directions still need to be explored.

Research on sleeve gastrectomy for the treatment of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the regulation of ghrelin and intestinal lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of sleeve gastrectomy on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in regulating ghrelin and intestinal lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specific pathogen free (SPF) Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) after giving a high-sugar and high-fat diet, to establish a T2DM rat model. The rats were randomly divided into a sleeve gastric excision group, a non-surgical group and a fake surgical group, with 10 rats in each group. The weight, blood glucose, glucose tolerance and ghrelin hormone of rats were compared. The feces of rats in each group at the 8th week after surgery were collected, to extract the total bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The bacterial 16S universal primer was used to expand the 16SrRNA V46 conserved region. The total Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products were sequenced by PE101-bp to classify the gene and genera. RESULTS: The weight of the rats after sleeve gastrectomy significantly decreased (p <0.05). The area under the blood glucose curve and the area under the insulin curve were significantly smaller than those in the non-surgical group and the fake surgical group (p <0.05). Compared with the sleeve gastric excision group, the abundance of Phylum Firmicutes was higher, that of Bacteroidetes was lower. Compared with the sleeve gastric excision group, there were more genera in the fake surgical group and the non-surgical group. The genera with higher abundance in the three groups were Lactobacillus and Bacteroidetes. Compared with the sleeve gastric excision group, the fake surgical group and the non-surgical group had higher abundance of Phylum Firmicutes (p <0.05) and lower abundance of Bacteroidetes (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: To sum up, sleeve gastrectomy can reduce the weight of rats in T2DM rat model, lower blood glucose levels of rats in the model and improve insulin resistance levels. The related mechanism may be related to the upregulation of ghrelin and intestinal flora.

[A systematic review on quality of life of esophageal cancer patients in China].

Objective: To systematically review the quality of life of esophageal cancer patients in China. Methods: Based on CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed and EMbase database, related articles published from January 2009 to August 2019 were systematically retrieved. We extracted the basic information, synthesized and summarized related instruments evaluation results. Results: A total of 127 studies were included (121 in Chinese, 6 in English), involving 26 provinces, of which 79 studies were published in the past 5 years and only 4 studies were multicenter study. More than half of included studies had a sample size of <150 cases (72 studies). Most studies were from the medical care and nursing field (58 studies) and were about the evaluation and comparison of treatments and medicine (40 studies). Six specific tools, including most commonly used Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) reported in 74 studies, 4 generic instruments, including most commonly used 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) reported in 17 studies and several self-designed questionnaires, were used. All the instruments focused on physical, physiological and social dimensions, but the specific contents and numbers of items were different. The index of quality of life used were dimension scores and total scores, and only 2 studies were about the health-related utility of esophageal cancer patients. Conclusions: In China, the research on the quality of life of esophageal cancer patients increased rapidly over the past decade, but most were single-center and small sample studies. The esophageal cancer-specific QLQ-C30 and generic SF-36 were the most commonly used instruments in the studies. The medical care and nursing and evaluation of treatments were the main concerns, but the research on health utility scores of esophageal cancer was still limited in China.

[Statistical analysis of incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in China, 2015].

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in China in 2015. Methods: The data from 501 cancer registries in China collected by the National Cancer Center were reviewed and evaluated, and the qualified data were included in the final analysis. According to the national population data in 2015, the nationwide incidence and mortality of the prostate cancer were estimated. Chinese standard population in 2000 and world Segi's population were used to calculate the age-standardized (ASR) incidence and mortality rates (ASR China and world, respectively). Results: After data review, the data reported by 368 registries were included in the final analysis, covering a total population of 309 553 499, accounting for 22.52% of the national population at the end of 2015. There were 72 thousand new prostate cancer cases estimated in China in 2015, with a crude incidence rate of 10.23/100 000. The ASR China and ASR world are 6.59/100 000 and 6.47/100 000, respectively, which is the sixth incidence of male malignant tumor.The estimated number of prostate cancer death was 3.07 thousand in China in 2015, with a crude mortality rate of 4.36/100 000; The ASR China and ASR world mortality rates were 2.61/100 000 and 2.65/100 000, respectively, which is the tenth leading cause of death in male malignant tumor.The ASR China incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in males were higher in urban areas (8.40/100 000 and 3.11/100 000) than those in rural areas (4.16/100 000 and 1.90/100 000). The incidence and mortality rates in the eastern areas (8.54/100 000 and 2.99/100 000) were higher than those in the central (5.28/100 000 and 2.34/100 000) and western areas (5.32/100 000 and 2.37/100 000) of China. Conclusions: The incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in China are lower than the global average, but there is an increasing trend. The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in China have obvious regional differences.

[Progress on screening for gastric cancer].

Objective: Gastric cancer, a common gastrointestinal cancer in the world, threatens people's life and health seriously. Early screening is an effective strategy to reduce the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer, which is of great importance for gastric cancer prevention and control. The review systematically searched CNKI, Wanfang Data knowledge service platform, PubMed and EMbase databases, and summarized the current status on screening for gastric cancer worldwide. We found that the screening on gastric cancer was mainly carried out in eastern Asia. Gastroscopy and biopsy were the main screening techniques of gastric cancer. The starting age of screening is 40 years old or above. It is essential to carry out gastric cancer screening and concentrate on high-risk population in China.

[Progress in research of influencing factors of oral microbiome and association between oral microbiome and upper gastrointestinal cancer].

The composition of human oral microorganism is numerous and complex and is easily affected by many factors. With the development of metagenomic technology, the important role of oral microbiome in the development of tumor has attracted extensive attention. A literature retrieval was conducted through PubMed, Embase, CNKI and WanFang database for an analysis on the characteristics of oral bacteria and its association with oral cancer, esophageal cancer and gastric cancer. The results indicated that oral microbiome can be influenced by age, gender, race, and lifestyle. Specific oral bacteria were associated with high risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer, indicating a potential role of oral microbiota to be the biomarker for upper gastrointestinal cancer. This paper summarizes the progress in the research of the association between oral microbiome and upper gastrointestinal cancer, showing a new direction for the exploration of microbiological etiology of upper gastrointestinal cancer and providing scientific evidence for the optimization of early detection and treatment of upper gastrointestinal cancer.

[Efficacy of esophageal cancer screening program on population at high risk: a survey carried out in people aged 40-69 years in Yangzhong, Jiangsu province].

Objective: To understand the incidence of esophageal cancer in population at high risk in Yangzhong of Jiangsu province. Methods: Cluster random sampling method was conducted to select several natural villages from the high risk area of esophageal cancer in Yangzhong during 2011-2017. Local residents aged 40-69 years were selected as the target population and a total of 14 687 persons were diagnosed esophageal cancer by endoscopy and pathology. Results: Precancerous lesions were detected in 341 persons, with the detection rate as 2.32% (341/14 687). Among them, there were 234 (1.59%) cases with mild and 107 (0.73%) cases with moderate esophageal hyperplasia. There were 77 positive cases with esophageal hyperplasia and the detection rate was 0.52%. Among these positive cases, 41 showed severe esophageal hyperplasia/carcinoma in situ (0.28%), with another 19 as early esophageal cancer (0.13%) and 17 with invasive carcinoma (0.12%). The overall early detection rate of positivity through active screening was 77.92% (60/77), with trends of upwarding and then downwarding. The detection rate of esophageal lesions in men was higher than that in women (P<0.05), but without significant gender specific differences seen in the detection rates of early esophageal cancer or invasive carcinoma (P>0.05). The detection rates of all lesions other than invasive carcinoma, gradually increased with age (P<0.05). The detection rate of invasive carcinoma reached the highest (0.39%, 10/2 547) in the age group of 60-years and slightly decreased in the age group of 65-years old. Conclusions: Considerable numbers of patients with cancer and precancerous lesions in groups at high-risk can be found through the screening program for esophageal cancer, suggesting that the screening program is of great significance in improving the survival rate and quality of life. Attention should be paid to men, with elderly groups in particular, at high-risk in order to increase the detection rate of early cases.